105 Physical Geology (4)  An introduction to the study of the origin of minerals, rocks and the formative processes controlling the earth's structure and natural resources. Three hours of lecture, one hour recitation, three hours of laboratory. Laboratory will include required field trips to areas of local geological interest. Fall.

130 Introduction to Environmental Science (3)  The biological, chemical, physical and societal implications of human impact on the environment with consideration of selected contemporary problems such as population issues, acid rain, energy supply, water pollution, etc. Fall and Spring.

234 Energy and Society (3)  Study of energy production technologies, use patterns and their environmental impact. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Spring and even years Fall.

235 Environmental Psychology (PSYC 235) (3)  Survey of interrelationships of environment and behavior. Theory and field observations of environmental perception, ecological issues, personal space, territoriality, crowding, city planning, design and architecture. Prerequisites: ENVR 130; PSYC 101 or 102. See Psychology Department chair.

241 Principles of Ecology and Field Biology (4)  Fundamental principles and concepts related to populations, communities and ecosystems with emphasis on the Southern Appalachians. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Fall.

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320 Mineralogy and Petrology (4)  Fundamental crystallography and crystal chemistry and systematic study of minerals; igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, including classification, textures, formation and graphical representation. Prerequisite: ENVR 105.  Recommended: Chemistry 132.. Odd years Spring.

321 Limnology (BIOL 321) (4)  Study of the physical, biological and especially chemical processes in fresh waters. (Includes laboratory and field work.) Prerequisites: CHEM 144, ENVR 241. See department chair.

330 Seminar on Environmental Issues (3)  In-depth coverage of a selected environmental problem based on oral and written student reports. May be repeated once. Prerequisites: ENVR 130; senior standing in an approved concentration. Fall and Spring.

331 Principles of Air Pollution (ATMS 331) (3)  Sources, sinks and controls of air pollution, legal aspects, meteorological factors which influence air pollution, analytical techniques for quantifying air pollution. Prerequisites: CHEM 132 and one of the following: ATMS 103 or 105; or ENVR 130. Even years Fall.

332 Environmental Management (3)  The principles, practices and problems of managing the environment at the federal, state and local levels. The course will focus on the complexities of environmental administration of renewable and nonrenewable resources, pollution control and global problems. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Spring.

333 Environment, Design and Solar Energy (3)  Conventional and alternative energy systems and the interrelationships between renewable energy resources and the built environment; lectures, field trips and demonstrations. Prerequisite: ENVR 130, or permission of instructor. Even years Spring.

334 Environmental Policy, Legislation and Enforcement (3)
Environmental legislation and regulation, policy tools, enforcement, current issues and evolution of U.S. environmental policy. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Fall and Spring.

335 Environmental Analysis and Design (PSYC 335) (3)  Study of interrelationship of environment and behavior, with special emphasis on application of theories in the analysis and possible design or re-design of specific environmental settings. Includes fieldwork. (Student may not earn credit for both ENVR 235 and 335.) Prerequisites: ENVR 130; PSYC 101 or 102, 201; or permission of instructor. See Psychology Department chair.

336 Environmental Health (3)  Introduction to toxicology and problems associated with the generation, detection and disposal of hazardous chemicals, industrial and municipal wastes, pesticides, food pollutants and radioactive wastes and the occupational setting. Prerequisite: ENVR 130; or permission of instructor. See department chair.

338 Principles of Hydrology and Ground Water Pollution (ATMS 338) (3)  Study of the hydrologic cycle: precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, run-off, stream flow and ground water recharge. Emphasis will be on the occurrence of ground water contamination and methods for cleanup and protection. Prerequisite: ATMS 105 or ENVR 130. Even years Spring.

341 Wetland Ecology (4)  Structural and functional characteristics of freshwater and marine ecosystems and their associated wetlands; one extended coastal field trip. Prerequisite: ENVR 241. Odd years Spring.

346 Plant Ecology (4)   An exploration of the factors responsible for the distribution and abundance of plants.  Laboratory will emphasize field work.  Prerequisite: ENVR 241.  Even years Spring.

348 Avian Ecology and Conservation (BIOL 348) (4)  An introduction to the identification, ecology and conservation of birds, particularly those of the Southern Appalachians.  Laboratory will include several early morning field trips.  At least one weekend field trip is required.  Students may not receive credit for both BIOL 340 and ENVR 348.  Prerequisite: ENVR 130; or permission of instructor.  Even years spring.

350 Dendrology (4)  Identification, ecological and taxonomic relationship, and geographic distributions of important woody plants of North America, concentrating on native species of the Southeast. Prerequisites: ENVR 130; or permission of instructor. See department chair.

354 Management of Hazardous, Municipal and Solid Wastes (3)
Study of the biogeochemical system for the classification of wastes and appropriate control technologies, regulatory policies and management strategies available for their disposal. Prerequisite: ENVR 130; or permission of instructor. See department chair.

360 Environmental Restoration (3)  The planning, implementation and assessment of ecosystem restoration with an emphasis on aquatic habitats. Topics include goals, objectives and design of restoration projects and selecting the criteria used to assess the structural and functional attributes of a restored ecosystem. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Odd years Fall.

362 Principles of Water Pollution Control and Watershed Management (4)  Survey of techniques and management strategies for controlling and preventing water pollution from point and non-point pollution sources. Prerequisites: CHEM 132; ENVR 130. Odd years Spring.

364 Ecosystem Ecology (4)  Study of basic ecology concepts and processes with application of this knowledge to different ecosystems, especially terrestrial ecosystems of the Southern Appalachians.  Prerequisite:  ENVR 241.  Odd years Fall.

381 Structural and Field Geology (4)  Field methods, deformation of rocks, including kinematic and dynamic analysis, primary structures, fold and fault classifications, stereographic projections, geologic maps and working with three-dimensional data. Prerequisite: ENVR 105. See department chair.

382 Environmental Geology (4)  Study of earth processes that affect humans and ecosystems. Fundamentals of groundwater hydrology and mineral resources will be emphasized; other topics will include rivers and flooding, volcanoes, gravity processes and earthquakes. Laboratory will include field projects. Prerequisite: ENVR 105. Odd years Fall.

383 Environmental Planning (3)  A focus on environmental problems associated with land planning, landscape design and land use. Student exercises using various techniques and methods of landscape analysis are included with application to planning issues. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Even years Fall.

384 Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (4)  Introduction to landscape analysis through computer-based, geographically referenced information systems. Data acquisition, processing, analysis and presentation will be emphasized in both lecture and laboratory. Some prior experience with computers is assumed. Prerequisites: ENVR 130. Fall.

385 Soils (4)  Introduction to soils including physical and chemical properties, the role of water in soil processes, microbial activity and other aspects of soil ecology, biogeochemical cycles as they relate to plant productivity, soil acidity, soil formation, soil classification, and soil degradation.  Laboratory will include several field trips. Prerequisites: ENVR 130; CHEM 111, 132, 144. Spring.

390 Wildlife Ecology and Management (4)  An introduction to the principles and practices of wildlife ecology and management, emphasizing wildlife species and habitat of the Southern Appalachians. Prerequisite: ENVR 241. Odd years Spring.

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442 Forest Ecology (BIOL 442) (4)  Study of the principles governing forest plant/animal populations and communities and management policies and practices at the federal, state and local levels. Prerequisite: ENVR 241; or permission of instructor. Even years Spring.

443 Tropical Ecosystems (3)  Study of the important organisms, habitats and ecosystems characteristic of the tropical world. Emphasis will be on management practices, rates of destruction and need for species/habitat conservation. Prerequisite: ENVR 130. Odd years Fall.

444 Tropical Ecosystems Field Experience (1-4)  Field trip to study tropical organisms and ecosystems in Puerto Rico or another tropical country. Expenses paid by the students. Co-requisite: ENVR 443. Winter break.

490 Internship (3-6)  A field work experience in a public agency, public interest group or industry. Participant's experience is under the supervision of the UNCA ENVR internship director and on-site work cooperator. Written paper and oral seminar are required upon completion of the project. Prerequisites: junior or senior standing, declared major in one of the program concentrations and permission of the internship director. Three hours of internship credit are required for graduation. (An IP grade may be awarded at the discretion of the internship director.)  Internship information is available from the director. Internships may be conducted throughout the United States or foreign countries. May be repeated for a total of six hours credit. Fall and Spring.

499 Research in Environmental Studies (1-6)  Original investigation of a research problem in environmental studies culminating in a written research paper and oral presentation. Prerequisites: junior or senior standing and permission of the program director and a cooperating faculty member or agency representative (An IP grade may be awarded at the discretion of the instructor). May be repeated for a total of six hours credit. Fall and Spring.

171-6, 271-6, 371-6, 471-6 Special Topics in Environmental Studies (1-6)  Courses not otherwise included in the catalog listing but for which there may be special needs. May be repeated for credit as often as permitted and as subject matter changes. Prerequisite: permission of instructor. See department chair.

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210 Principles of Zoology (4)  Introduction to the study of animals. Emphasis will be on structural, physiological and phylogenetic concepts. Prerequisite: BIOL 115, 116 for biology majors; ENVR 241 for environmental studies majors. Spring.

211 Principles of Botany (4)  Introduction to the study of plants. Emphasis will be on structural, physiological and phylogenetic concepts. Prerequisite: BIOL 115, 116 for biology majors; ENVR 241 for environmental studies majors. Fall.

332 Invertebrate Zoology (4)  Designed to acquaint the student with morphology, taxonomy, ecology and phylogeny of invertebrate phyla. Prerequisites: BIOL 115, 210 or permission of instructor. Odd years Fall.

333 Vertebrate Zoology (4)  Study of comparative morphology, taxonomy, zoo geography and ecology of vertebrate animals. Emphasis placed on evolution and adaptive mechanisms. Prerequisites: BIOL 115, 210. Odd years Spring.

334 Biology of the Lower Plants (4)  A phylogenetic approach to lower plant divisions with special emphasis on morphology, ecology and systematics of algae, fungi, mosses, fern allies and ferns. Prerequisites: BIOL 115, 211. Odd years Spring.

335 Biology of the Seed Plants (4)  Introduction to major groups of flowering plants and gymnosperms, stressing modern concepts of phylogeny, systematics, ecology and biogeography. Prerequisites: BIOL 115, 211. Even years Spring.

337 Mammalogy (4)  Study of the evolution, comparative morphology, ecology and systematics of the Class Mammalia. Emphasis is placed on understanding the ecology and adaptive mechanisms of the different mammalian orders. Prerequisites: BIOL 115, 210. Even years Fall.

339 Microbiology (4)  Introduction to structure, physiology, metabolism and identification of some of the more important microorganisms. Prerequisites: BIOL 116; CHEM 132. Spring.

340 Ornithology (4)  Introduction to the evolution, behavior and ecology of birds.  Laboratory will focus on the field identification of native species.  At least one weekend field trip is required.  Students may not receive credit for both BIOL 340 and ENVR 348.  Prerequisite: BIOL 210.  Odd years spring.

350 Vertebrate Field Zoology (4)  Develops skills necessary for conducting field research with vertebrates. Emphasis is on identification, quantitative sampling, experimental design, data analysis and critical thinking. Prerequisites: BIOL 115, 210. Odd years Fall.

351 Plant Identification (3)  Field identification of woody vegetation and flowering plants of the Blue Ridge Mountains, coupled with survey of principles of plant taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Prerequisites: BIOL 211. Fall.

356 Desert Ecology (4)  Study of the major aspects of the desert environment in the southwestern United States, including geologic formations and animal/plant adaptations to the harsh conditions. Course includes a field survey of desert conditions in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Prerequisite: BIOL 105 or permission of instructor. Every other Summer.

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111 General Chemistry Laboratory (1)  Introduction to general chemistry laboratory. Experiments include proper and safe laboratory techniques, chemical and physical properties of matter, synthesis of compounds, chemical kinetics and chemical reactions. Pre- or corequisite: CHEM 132. Fall.

132 General Chemistry (3)  Introduction to basic chemical concepts such as atomic theory, periodic properties of elements, stoichiometry, gas behavior, electronic structure of atoms and molecules, molecular structure and bonding, solution theory including acid-base chemistry and aspects of oxidation-reduction, and introduction to chemical equilibrium concepts. Designed as a first course in college chemistry. Corequisite: MATH 167 or higher. CHEM 111 is suggested as corequisite. Fall and Spring.

145 Quantitative Chemistry Laboratory (1) In this laboratory, students will work in small research teams to design, implement, and analyze an interdisciplinary group project.  In addition to the group project, students will learn many methods of quantitative analysis including volumetric analysis, pH measurements, spectrometry, and chromatography.  Topics covered also include project design, sampling and sample preparation, acid-base and oxidation-reduction equilibria, and experimental statistics.  Prerequisite: CHEM 111.  Spring.

236 General Chemistry II (3)  A general chemistry course with topical coverage including, but not necessarily restricted to, chemical equilibrium, electrochemistry, acid-base theory, oxidation-reduction concepts, aspects of chemical thermodynamics, and chemical kinetics and reaction mechanisms. Emphasis on quantitative problem solving. Prerequisites: Completion of a high school chemistry course, and a satisfactory score on the Chemistry Placement Examination; or CHEM 132. Pre- or corequisite MATH 167.  Spring.

234 Structure and Reactivity of Organic Molecules (4)  An introduction to modern organic chemistry that deals primarily with the three-dimensional structures of various organic functional groups and the relationship between structure and reactivity from both a thermodynamic and kinetic point of view.  Spectroscopic analysis and identification is also covered in detail to facilitate work in the laboratory.  The laboratory experience will expose students to isolation, purification, and characterization techniques that are essential to synthetic success.  Prerequisite: CHEM 144.  Fall.

235 Introductory Synthetic Organic Chemistry (4) An introduction to specific organic reactions, organized by common mechanisms, with an emphasis on the design and implementation of multistep syntheses.  The laboratory experience will center on the students using the laboratory techniques and skills from CHEM 234 along with lecture concepts to design and implement a synthetic scheme.  Prerequisite: CHEM 234.  Spring.

332 Instrumental Analysis (4)  Principles of analytical chemistry with emphases on instrumental methods and theory including potentiometry and electrolytic methods, molecular and atomic spectrochemical analysis, separation and derivatization methods, mass spectrometry, chromatography and electrophoresis. Methods of error reduction and experimental statistics are also included. In addition to introductory experiments on major instruments, students will complete a semester long independent project as part of a group.  Prerequisites: CHEM 237; and PHYS 222 or 231. Spring.

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